The Short Answer
Deleting apps does not delete your photos from the Photos library, and it does not save photos either. Your photo library lives in the Photos app, which is a system app you cannot delete. Third-party apps that access photos (Instagram, WhatsApp, editing apps) can only see your photos if you grant permission; deleting those apps removes the app but leaves your library untouched. The one exception: photos saved only inside a third-party app (not shared to Photos) are deleted with the app. If you ever need more space, delete apps to free app storage, but don't expect that to help photo storage. Instead, curate the photo library itself with Swype Photo Cleaner.
The Photos App Is Protected
The Photos app (and the photo library it manages) is a system app. You cannot delete it. It lives at a protected location in iOS and is always there. Your camera roll, albums, favorites, and all metadata live inside it. Deleting any other app has zero effect on the Photos library.
Third-Party App Access
Apps like Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and photo editors request access to your Photos library. You grant or deny permission in Settings. If you delete the app, the permission grant is removed, but nothing in the library itself is touched. The next time you install the app, you grant permission again and things work normally.
Photos Saved Inside Apps
Some apps store photos inside their own sandbox, not in the main Photos library. Examples: WhatsApp photos that you never saved to your camera roll, private Snapchat saves, some editing app work files. When you delete those apps, those in-app photos go with them unless you exported them to Photos first.
The rule: if you see a photo in the Photos app, it is safe. If you only see it inside another app, export it to Photos before deleting the app.
What Deleting Apps Actually Does
Deleting an app removes the app binary and its local data from iPhone storage. This recovers 100 MB to 5 GB per app depending on size. Your photos are untouched. Your contacts are untouched. Your Messages are untouched. Only that specific app's sandbox goes away.
To free photo space specifically, delete photos directly with Swype Photo Cleaner or use Optimize iPhone Storage to offload originals to iCloud.